His company and school dominated the electrolysis industry well into the latter part of the century. Comparing a voltaic cell to an electrolytic cell. In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of using a direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. In 1916, the method of galvanic electrolysis was established by resident of New York, Paul N. This means it brings about the chemical reaction using an electric current from an. Brand does not matter, they all work, just make sure only ingredient is neem. When you do galvanic electrolysis, you have a epilator machine that sends a current through the wire into the needle holder. The total number of sessions needed to remove hair permanently from a particular area will vary from person to person. Verseo eSmooth Roller Pen. AdGalvanic electrolysis was first reported in medical literature in 1875 by ophthalmologist Charles Michel as a method for removing ingrown eyelashes. Using six needles simultaneously meant the elimination of the one to three minute wait associated with the single needle method. The current is not activated until the first insertion. Q. 6. Can irritate the skin, is a daily ritual for many men & women, but does NOT permanently remove hair. Galvanic and voltaic cells are both referred to as electrochemical cells. She has become an expert in both electrolysis and laser treatments. hotdoc75 January 25, 2012, 4:52pm #1. Exercise 11. It is the aim of this article to provide the reader with the knowledge and. The minute electrical current must. Please check Bargains Page for Rates & Discounts!! A American Electrolysis Studio Permanently Removes unwanted hairs for Men and Women in New york city using. Reagents A. We are moving! Starting June 1st we will be located at; 1239 Broadway, Ste 507 NY NY, 10001 Between west 30th and 31st We are not open on weekends WE BELIEVE. Example 9. Hi all, I’m currently getting galvanic electrolysis treatments on my face/beard area. He was an ophthalmologist who designed a system to remove his patients’ ingrown eyelashes (ouch). 2nd ed, New York, NY: Plenum Press. However, copper pipe electrolysis can also potentially be caused by many modern appliances. Subjects. First, compute the volume of chromium that must be produced (equal to the product of surface area and thickness): volume = ( 0. Electrolysis also carries fewer. Louis Missouri. Remember that the polarities are different. CPE is a member of New York Electrolysis Association;. EBL offers more than permanent hair removal. Easily download and print documents with US Legal Forms. Galvanic cells are electrochemical cells that are characterized by a spontaneous redox reaction. Thermolysis, on the other hand, uses the heat created by the electrical current to zap your unwanted hair away. 102 N Tioga St. This is the reason why you will see zinc anodes attached to ship hulls, propellers. Therefore, the regenerative ability of the hair follicle is permanently eliminated. Electrolytic Cell. This galvanic cell should counteract the electrolysis in. From Business: Judith Engelhardt, owner of Electrolysis of Rockland has been located in Nanuet NY for over 30 years. Galvanic corrosion (also called ' dissimilar metal corrosion' or wrongly 'electrolysis') refers to corrosion damage induced when two dissimilar materials are coupled in a corrosive electrolyte. 1. Electric work done by a galvanic cell is mainly due to the Gibbs energy of spontaneous redox reaction in the voltaic cell. But I would be very worried about scarring. Amanda Livingstone. This oxidation process is called galvanic corrosion. Michel (1833 - 1913), a St. All three modalities, Thermolysis, Galvanic, and the Blend are taught. Pros of Galvanic electrolysis. Electrolysis - safe, permanent hair removal. Furthermore, it contributes to enhancing your skin tone, texture, and overall appearance. For faster galvanic action, many go to as high as 0. 5250 email Book. It is a time honored method first used by Dr. Charles E. Unsterilized or reusable electrolysis needles can lead to the transmission of Hepatitis or HIV infection. Use the computed volume and the provided density to calculate the molar amount of chromium required:This method tries to combine the benefits of the galvanic and thermolysis by passing an AC and DC current through the needle at the same time. New York Electrolysis Association Electrology Institute of New England University. Professional Electrolysis. This method was invented by ophthalmologist Doctor Charles Michel in 1875 for the delicate procedure of removing ingrown eyelashes. 9. ApparatusThe electrolyte is very important for the functioning of the galvanic cell. Galvanic electrolysis has the highest success rate for lack of regrowth. charles e michel, an ophthalmologist in 1875. First rule - RED CAT, AN OX. 76 V. Exercise 17. Electrolysis usually costs about $30 to $150 an hour for treatment (some pay even more, some less). Galvanic electrolysis is a chemical process. (b) A person who adulterates or misbrands a laser or pulsed light device violates Chapter 431. Thermolysis hair removal electrolysis has replaced galvanic electrolysis as the preferred method of hair removal. 10. #6 Ballston Spa, NY 12020-3747 Ph: 518-899-7600What is the average cost of an electrolysis procedure? An electrolysis procedure can cost anywhere from $50 to $5,000. Galvanic cells produce electricity from chemical reactions. 9. When the cell is connected in a circuit, the chemical reactions take place inside the cell and as a result of these chemical reactions, an. The blend method was developed by Arther Hinkel in 1948. , 2014), and as an example we present here a case where lateral epicondylitis was resolved in 6 weeks after four sessions of percutaneous electrolysis through the. Galvanic electrolysis. When a galvanic couple forms, one of the metals in the. However, in 1875, Michel, an ophthalmologist from Missouri, used galvanic electrolysis to remove ingrown eyelashes from one of his patients. Galvanic electrolysis is the oldest form of electrolysis, having been developed by Dr. Galvanic electrolysis was first reported in the medical literature in 1875. Discover premier esthetician and electrolysis schools near NYC. She is a graduate of the Electrology Institute of New England and earned a BSBA degree with honors from the University of Denver. Ithaca, NY. Electrical current is carried by electrons in the wire and electrodes, but it is carried. A. NY NY, 10001 Between west 30th and 31st. The positive anode attracts anions toward it, while the negative cathode attracts cations toward it. Shaving. Some of the benefits of using the galvanic Electrolysis are listed below: 1. Personalized and comfortable treatments. 5. The process. This modality can be utilized in two ways: (1) flash method of thermolysis uses high intensity. Even with a relatively shallow insertion. We are not open on weekends . See why thermolysis permanent hair removal in New York, NY, is the right way to go for permanent results. 1. e. answer: YES! - Electrolysis is the only FDA approved method of permanently removing hair. Phone: (212) 689-3254Galvanic, Thermolysis and Blend. There are also images related toWhat does an electrolysis experience feel like? In this article, we will review two types and how each of them physically feels. Known as ‘Instantron,’ his company is still making and selling electrolysis equipment today. Hair removal practitioners read of the permanent results achieved by early galvanic machines – results they weren’t seeing with thermolysis or blend – and tried applying modern electronics to the age-old method. History. It works, as discussed, by inserting a needle probe into the hair follicle. Ask as many questions as you can, a professional staff will be able to help you with most questions. But the. She is a current Member and Board of Directors delegate of the. Faraday's laws of electrolysis. Wagner, 1997 (galvanic electrolysis history) Wagner, 1998 (doctors and electrolysis/laser practitioners) Nd:YAG laser medical data. Each half cell. Electrolysis is practiced around the world and has been doing so since 1875. Most have quoted 100/hr but they use blend and despite reading a lot on this forum I feel. Bare copper or brass water lines are great conductors of electricity. The use of electrolysis to coat one material with a layer of metal is called electroplating. 8. NY Feb 8, 2020 #12 Folks, boat don't have a problem with electrolysis. The spread of infectious disease is a potential threat with the use of electrolysis. 3. Electrolysis is commercially important as a stage in the separation of elements from naturally occurring sources such as ores using an electrolytic cell. Galvanic corrosion is an electrochemical reaction between two or more different metals, in the presence of an electrolyte (note salt water is a good electrolyte). The electromotive forces of galvanic cells are found to be additive. Most home systems do not work, especially electric tweezers such as IGIA, etc. Sec. Applying an external potential of about 1. I have the capability of using up to 16 needles at once but chose to only use 8 toda. - Is Electrolysis Safe? - In the entire over 120 year history of the procedure, the safety and success has been well documented. what type of electrolysis is conducted (blend, thermolysis, galvanic) and more. At Hairless NYC Electrolysis Clinic, we are committed to achieve and to deliver to our valued clientele the highest possible Permanent Hair Removal experience. #210 Los Angeles, CA 90069-4511 310-358-1997 G…I want to discuss the beginning of electrolysis as the only form of permanent hair removal. Unfortunately for my hair removal journey, I had intermittent sessions with various electrologists over 4 yrs because I traveled often. Can any clients out there rec an electrologist who does multiple needle galvanic in the nyc area? I think 150 an hr is excessive even in nyc but would b willing to go if this person is good. 3: The Electrolysis of Water. Chemistry is the driving force behind the magic of batteries. Details images of permanent hair removal electrolysis by website in. We are moving! Starting June 1st we will be located at; 1239 Broadway, Ste 507. 039 to 0. The current produces a chemical reaction in the hair follicle, eliminating the hair growth cells. Galvanic corrosion, also known as bimetallic corrosion, is a common mode of corrosion failure that is, for the most part, entirely preventable by proper corrosion design. #6 Ballston Spa, NY 12020-3747 Ph: 518-899-7600The cell notation for the galvanic cell in Figure 17. “Fundamentals of Electrochemistry”, 2nd ed. The blend is the third mo. Hence, we offer electrolysis training as one of our courses at the Berkowits School in New York. Grounding rods instead of grounding to a water line. 4. Thermolysis (short-wave or flash) produces heat. The greatest. It's a gradual process but it's permanent. It's permanent New York Best Electrolysis. 1. Wrapping water lines in plastic prevents galvanic corrosion. In 1916, New York. Experience an effective galvanic hair treatment for lasting results. He was an ophthalmologist who designed a system to remove his patients’ ingrown eyelashes (ouch). 525. 1 17. The. Consider a simple galvanic cell consisting of two beakers connected by a salt bridge. The needle holder then has a needle in it and you use that for doing your. Most clients return once a week or every other week as needed. You can't make any generalizations about the heat transfer when there is also work exchanged between system and. A. Our qualified electrologists are experienced in providing effective and personalised hair removal treatments to men of all ages and backgrounds. A galvanic (voltaic) cell converts the energy released by a spontaneous chemical reaction to electrical energy. Connecticut Permanent Hair Removal. Blend method. Angela Levitt Cell: (518) 837-7011 adkelectrology@yahoo. These Galvanic Cells, or batteries, were used to power the original Electrolysis machines back in the 19 th. You should plan on spending $60 to $300 a week (some pay even more, some less), tapering off over time, with a total cost to clear a face between $2,000 and $20,000 (some pay even more, some less). Verify CPE Status. Electrolysis is the actual process of removing hair using electricity. Former contact information Jim Jenson (owner) 8721 Santa Monica Blvd. 26 votes, 18 comments. In order to evaluate if the NLRP3 inflammasome mediates the inflammatory response in tendons after percutaneous electrolysis, we applied galvanic currents to the calcaneal tendon of Nlrp3-/-mice. . In the first line, it concerns the obtaining of compact metal galvanic coatings [1, 2] or nanopore arrays used as templates for deposition of nanowires [3, 4], but in the second line—also other industrial processes like water electrolysis [5,. Electrolysis is the only recognized method by the FDA to be permanent hair removal and works for all hair colours and all skin types. 9. Electrolysis NYC. This method is widely used in the multiple needle galvanic electrolysis, utilizing up to 16 needles simultaneously. Electrolysis in New York Please experience the best services for permanent hair removal via a tiny probe & electric current to destroy the follice forever which never produces hair again. We are not open on weekends . The energy is harnessed by situating the oxidation and reduction reactions in separate containers,. She specializes In Multiple Needle Galvanic Electrolysis. 10V) = -212 kJ. Conclusion. With appropriate treatment from the battery, it is possible to get the metal being reduced in an electrolysis process to adhere strongly to the electrode. The lye is created within the follicle and is confined to the follicle. These benefits, coupled with our amazing deals, make electrolysis hard to resist. Home;. To solve this question, we need to find the standard potential for each of the given reactions. To improve electrical conductivity without introducing a different redox species, the hydrogen ion concentration of the water is typically increased by addition of a strong acid. Electric tweezers were patented in 1959 by Ethel Marion Fozard [1] and hailed by promoters as a “painless and permanent” alternative to electrolysis. At Berkowits School in NY we have a couple analog Gentronics available for sale. , (2010. What spa treatment is based on the concept of three doshas?The mass lost from the aluminum alloy over time due to the galvanic interaction with the stainless-steel can be determined from Faraday's law for electrolysis, given in Eq. Next, a low-level electrical current passes through the needle or probe into your skin and destroys the hair. #6 Ballston Spa, NY 12020-3747 Ph: 518-899-7600 The cell notation for the galvanic cell in Figure 17. Linda M. LASER OR PULSED LIGHT DEVICE. An exemplary galvanic machine 30 is a Transdermal System Model TD 729 or TD 829. In this educational video, Sara Paisner, owner and president of Synoptic Products, talks about the differences between 2 of the primary methods of electrolys. Suppose we carry out an electrolysis with constant applied voltage. Electrology. 1) Zn ( s) + Cu 2 + ( a q) → Zn 2 + ( a q) + Cu ( s) (You can verify that this reaction is spontaneous by dipping a piece of zinc metal in a copper sulfate solution. When left untreated, hairs begin to grow again. Find a Professional Electrologist in NY | New York Electrolysis Association. What is galvanic corrosion? Simply speaking, galvanic corrosion is the damage or deterioration of metal that takes place between dissimilar metals because of an electrochemical reaction. Hence, we offer electrolysis training as one of our courses at the Berkowits School in New York. 10 E 23Rd St Ste 220 Modality: S. Technique 3 – Treat and Leave. There are 3 different methods (modalities) to achieve this: Galvanic electrolysis. - [Voiceover] Before we get into electrolysis, let's review the structure of a voltaic cell so we can compare it to an electrolytic cell. WE BELIEVE CONFIDENCE IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL QUALITY. 64 x 10^4 F) × (+1. When you do galvanic electrolysis, you have a epilator machine that sends a current through the wire into the needle holder. Nevada 1080 Linda Way, Unit 10 Sparks,. BALLSTON SPA. NY NY, 10001. 2 H 2 O ⇌ 2 H 2 + O 2 E ∘ = − 1. 9. AC tweezers are also marketed as radio-frequency (RF) tweezers, high-frequency (HF) tweezers, ultrasonic tweezers. For inquiries on these courses call us at (718) 544-4234 or leave a message on our Contact Us field. 7. These benefits, coupled with our amazing deals, make electrolysis hard to resist. which types of electrolysis (galvanic, thermolysis or blend) are available, years they are in business, their qualifications etc. Suite 504, New York, NY 10022 (212) 935-3524; Home; Services; About Us;. 2 H 2 O ⇌ 2 H 2 + O 2 E ∘ = − 1. Anderson 1989 (Nd:YAG. When > 1. What is Electrolysis. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How long is the current usually applied during a Galvanic electrolysis treatment?, All of the following shapes describe tweezers used in a temporary hair removal service EXCEPT:, The process of removing hair from the follicle is referred to as: and more. Consider a simple galvanic cell consisting of two beakers connected by a salt bridge. 9 years ago. Also known as dual action method, blend “blends” the galvanic and thermolysis methods into one. Charles Michel, a St. CHAMPIONS ELECTROLYSIS, INC. Desincrustation. It generally consists of two half cells and a salt bridge. Worked example 3 Predict the products of the electrolysis of a zinc chloride solution ZnCℓ 2 (aq) Solution 3. Alana began her career in New York City at the Berkowits School of Electrology in 1995, she moved to Maryland and studied under her mentor and pioneer of the Multi-Probe Galvanic Electrolysis, Ann O’Brien. At Limoges Electrolysis NYC, we strive to create a comfortable, respectful and understanding environment for our clients. Welcome to Aurora Electrolysis. 91 Tennyson Dr. Home; Blog; galvanic; Filter by; Categories; Tags; Authors; Show all; All; Electrolysis Buzz; General News; Health & Beauty TipsChemistry of Batteries. Multiple needle process. An electrolytic cell consumes electrical energy from an external source to drive a nonspontaneous chemical reaction. Experience safe & reliable electrolysis for permanent hair removal at our NYC clinic. (a) A laser or pulsed light device used for laser hair removal in a laser hair removal facility must comply with all applicable federal and state laws and regulations. The electrical current results in a chemical reaction in the hair follicle that eliminates the hair growth cells. Ithaca, NY. and more especially for the purpose of preventing electrolysis, which is hurtful. Electrolysis involves the insertion of a small fine needle into the hair follicle, followed by a small electrical current that damages and eventually destroys the hair follicle. 8. Figure 17. A half cell is one of the two electrodes in a galvanic cell or simple battery. Sorry Galvanic is no safer nor more dangerous than any other modality. You can have electrolysis to prepare your skin prior to tattooing. 3 m 2 × ( 10,000 cm 2 1 m 2)) = 33 cm 3. The 1980s saw a revival in galvanic electrolysis. Applying an external potential of about 1. UltraSound Guided Galvanic Electrolysis Technique (USGET), sometimes referred to as intratissue percutaneous electrolysis (EPI) or percutaneous needle electrolysis (PNE), is a novel, minimally invasive therapeutic technique which consists in an ultrasound-guided needle insertion and application of a galvanic electrolytic current that causes a. Applying an external potential of about 1. A typical galvanic cell, the Daniell cell, was used to power telegraphs 100 years ago. Thermolysis (also called short-wave) produces heat. This cell is based on the spontaneous redox reaction. A cell is a device capable of producing electrical energy from chemical reactions or employing electrical energy to bring about a chemical reaction. Recharging a battery is a typical example of such a process. Between west 30th and 31st. 229 V. Figure 20. . Solar-powered technology, such as photovoltaics (PVs), could address some of the environmental challenges of our times, enabling the sustainable production of electrical energy in many. We think of electrolysis as a way to split things like water into oxygen and hydrogen using electricity, but it has a second meaning which is to remove hair using. One of the most common examples of electrolysis is the splitting of water into its molecular components. Causes the chemical decomposition of the hair follicle. Electrolysis is the only permanent hair removal cosmetic procedure available with approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). galvanic or blend. Charles Michel, a St. 9 V to two inert electrodes immersed in an aqueous solution of an electrolyte such as H 2 SO 4 or Na 2 SO 4 drives the thermodynamically nonspontaneous decomposition of water into H 2 at the cathode and O 2 at the anode. Clinically proven to remove hair permanently. The galvanic part comes from the original name for what we now know as a battery – a Galvanic Cell. It has fallen out of favor because it takes a significantly longer time to work. ; Removal of Return Current Path (Electrical. 10. 1. It generally consists of two half cells and a salt bridge. Predict the products of the electrolysis of a copper (II) sulphate solution CuSO 4 (aq) Solution 2. Beard strokers in the comments sections are very keen to call galvanic corrosion electrolysis, when in fact the corrosion that you generally see on aluminum in automotive-type applications is almost exclusively galvanic. This demonstrates the chemical reaction that takes place with an electrified probe using direct (galvanic) current. 1: An electrolytic cell. Khalil, Connie, CPE Connie's Electrolysis & Waxing Studio 100 Saratoga Village Blvd Ste 37K, Blg. Electrolytic Cells: Electrolytic cells are devices that use electricity to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions. In 1916, the method of galvanic electrolysis was established by resident of New York, Paul N. The other beaker contains a solution of Sn 2+ in. 00 [Nov. Weller, CPE, is a Board Certified Electrologist who has continued to serve clients in the Hudson Valley since 2000. NY NY, 10001 Between west 30th and 31st. 7 M MgCl2. 2. Galvanic or electrolysis is a chemical process. Electrolytic Cell. So a voltaic cell uses a spontaneous redox reaction to produce an electric current. Abstract. 23 V. In electrolysis, a qualified professional called an electrologist slides a hair-thin, solid. edu. I had just returned to NYC from Seattle where I had begun treatment using that device. At the right-hand electrode, then, we must have a reduction: 2H+ + 2e– → H2 2 H + + 2 e – → H 2. (b) A person who adulterates or misbrands a laser or pulsed light device violates Chapter 431. Whatever your hair colour, skin colour or hair type, galvanic electrolysis from Advanced Electrolysis Melbourne achieves permanent results. He was instrumental in. …. We also describe what a typical session. Solution. Chung (Peter) Chieh (Professor Emeritus, Chemistry @ University of Waterloo) Half-Cell Reaction is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4. Professionally drafted and regularly updated online templates. vn September 26, 2023. This gentle process is not only more painless and non-scarring, but also by far the most effective method of permanent hair removal on the market today. 30 E 60th St Ste 504 New York, NY 10022 Ph: 212-935-3524 Percutaneous needle electrolysis consists of the application of a galvanic current and is an emerging treatment for tendinopathies. The half-cell shown at the left contains the Cu (0)/Cu (II) couple in the form of a solid copper foil and an aqueous. Here is more information about galvanic and thermolysis electrolysis and their differences: (773) 766-1132 Locations @cirinespa Home; Electrolysis. 9. Kree, Inc. Thermolysis hair removal is perhaps the most popular form of electrolysis – for good reason. 3. Electrolysis. This treatment removes hair through a chemical process similar to that found in a battery. WE BELIEVE CONFIDENCE IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL QUALITY. g. Once in direct contact with a saltwater solution contained in the. Although both procedures have the same name, they’re used for very different things and require different tools and training. In galvanic electrolysis, a direct current is passed down a needle inserted into the hair follicle, destroying the follicle. The business was set up by Bette Pritchett, a recent grad of Austin Electroysis Clinic, instructor, Ruth Willcott, D. If electrons are moving from the anode to the cathode, it makes sense that the anode would be negatively charged. His work helped evolve electrolysis from a strictly medical procedure into something for the mainstream public. Galvanic electrolysis. Galvanic electrolysis is when you have a direct current doing the work, thermolysis is when you have an alternating current doing the work. 3: The Electrolysis of Water. the process of changing from one kind to another by electrical current, true electrolysis, direct current - DC. 197 to 0. Alabama Permanent Hair Removal. Our expert dermatologists offer the best hair removal treatment at affordable prices. Electrons move between two dissimilar metals via a solution high in total dissolved solids (TDS). A small needle or thin metal probe is inserted into the opening of the skin where hair grows (small sacs beneath the skin called hair follicles). Galvanic Electrolysis, which is the oldest, is a chemical method that utilizes a direct current to convert normal body salt and does not affect any other area. Finger Lakes Physical Therapy. Led by Kay Lasker in Philadelphia, machines were developed with up to 16 probes. Thermolysis. In galvanic corrosion, the cathode is the metal that does not corrode. Galvanic electrolysis. Thermolysis. One of the most common examples of electrolysis is the splitting of water into its molecular components. Lia Karaolani, CPE is a Certified Professional Electrologist; Lia Karaolani, CPE is a member of New York Electrolysis Association; Locations and Contact Information. Nonetheless, the many technological advances developed over the last 50 years or so have dramatically changed how galvanic electrolysis is delivered and its efficacy and effectiveness. The non-stationary electrolysis using alternating current has been the focus of interest for many years. com Text for an. Galvanic Skin Aesthetics & Wellness. This method is widely used in the multiple needle galvanic electrolysis, utilizing up to 16 needles simultaneously. I had a salt and pepper mix. Abat F, Sánchez-Sánchez JL, Martín-Nogueras AM, et al. This is the reason why you will see zinc anodes attached to ship hulls, propellers. 23 V of energy is required to split water into oxygen and hydrogen gas. 3 M FeCl2, solution two is 1. When this modality is used it heats and destroys the hair growth cells in the follicle. The galvanic method of hair removal is recommended for areas like beards and all types of body hair. Cu(s)│Cu2 + (aq, 1M)║Ag + (aq, 1M)│Ag(s) Note that spectator ions are not included and that the simplest form of each half-reaction was used. Modern appliances tend to rely on solid state electronic systems. 1) Zn ( s) + Cu 2 + ( a q) → Zn 2 + ( a q) + Cu ( s) (You can verify that this reaction is spontaneous by dipping a piece of zinc metal in a copper sulfate solution. Removes facial hair, shapes eyebrows, upper lip, legs, bikini line and back. The redox reaction in a galvanic cell is a spontaneous reaction. 7–1. In theory, the concept sounds promising. Choosing a reputable hair removal service provider, knowing the different types of electrolysis, being prepared for some discomfort, avoiding sun exposure, shaving before treatment, staying hydrated, avoiding certain medications, not plucking or waxing beforehand, following aftercare instructions, and being patient are all important factors to. A. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The following terms are appropriate when talking about galvanic electrolysis, The first person to describe the use of galvanic electrolysis for the treatment of unwanted hair is, The scientific term electrolysis refers to and more. When known, the initial concentrations of the various ions are usually included.